Mythologies of the Suludnon Tribe


The Suludnon, also known as the Panay-Bukidnon or Tumandok, are a culturally indigenous Visayan group of people who reside in the mountainous areas of Panay island in the Philippines. They are one of the two only culturally indigenous groups of Visayan language-speakers in the Western Visayas. The Suludnon speak the Iigbok language, a member of the West Bisayan subdivision of the Bisayan languages. They are known for their traditional practices, including the binukot tradition, where young women are hidden away and become record-keepers of the tribe. The Suludnon also have unique art forms, such as the binanog dance and the panubok embroidery, which represent their rich cultural heritage and ancient Visayan epics. They face various challenges in preserving their culture, but local governments are taking steps to support their cultural preservation efforts. The Suludnon, also known as the Panay-Bukidnon or Tumandok, are a culturally indigenous Visayan group of people who reside in the mountainous areas of Panay island in the Philippines. They are one of the two only culturally indigenous groups of Visayan language-speakers in the Western Visayas. The Suludnon speak the Iigbok language, a member of the West Bisayan subdivision of the Bisayan languages. This unique language is deeply rooted in the history and culture of the Suludnon people, serving as a vital link to their ancestral heritage. The Suludnon are known for their rich cultural traditions, which include the binukot tradition. In this practice, young women are hidden away and become record-keepers of the tribe’s oral history, passing down knowledge from one generation to the next. This unique custom reflects the Suludnon’s deep respect for their cultural heritage and the importance of preserving their identity.



The Suludnon,  also known as the Panay-Bukidnon, Pan-ayanon, or Tumandok,  are a culturally indigenous Visayan group of people who reside in the Capiz-Lambunao mountainous area and the Antique-Iloilo mountain area of Panay in the Visayan islands of the Philippines. They are one of the two only culturally indigenous group of Visayan language-speakers in the Western Visayas, along with the, Halawodnon of Lambunao and Calinog, Iloilo and Iraynon-Bukidnon of Antique.  Also, they are part of the wider Visayan ethnolinguistic group, who constitute the largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group. Although they were once culturally related to the speakers of the Kinaray-a, Aklanon, and Hiligaynon languages, all of whom inhabit the lowlands of Panay, their isolation from Spanish rule resulted in the continuation of a pre-Hispanic culture and beliefs. They speak the Iigbok language (also known as Ligbok or Sulod language), a member of the West Bisayan subdivision of the Bisayan languages within the Austronesian language family. The Panay Bukidnon are known for their Binanog dance, which mimics the flight of the Philippine eagle, accompanied by an agung ensemble. Another dance of the same name is also performed by the Bukidnon Lumad of Mindanao, suggesting a cultural connection between the people of the Western Visayas and northern Mindanao in ancient times.  Apart from this, they also practice the use of bamboo musical instruments, which they use to express themselves in traditional songs, dances, and epics.  They are also known for their detailed embroidery, known as panubok.  The heritage of the panubok is celebrated in the Tinubkan fashion show in Iloilo City. The Sulud are also known for their traditional practices  on the mysticism of the binukot and nabukot.


“There is no doubt that there are now many versions of the “Hinilawod.” There were already many versions during the time that I was recording the adventures of Humadapnon. In the Tagarnghin area alone, there were twenty chanters. I had chosen Hugan-an because, as other chanters said, she’s the one who could narrate the entire series.” 

“Another word of caution to younger researchers: the Sulod were (perhaps still are) very secretive, especially in areas having to do with their religious beliefs and rituals. While they appear at the surface to be very accommodating, there are parts of their lifeways that are not revealed easily to outsiders. Some chanters improvise their slant of the story. They skip important portions or forget them altogether; others add to make the narratives more elaborate.” This excerpt has been posted as supplemental material for a comparative study done regarding multi-headed beings in Philippine Myth and Epics.  A connecting thread is often the Hindu epic Ramayana, the Story of Rama, about a prince and his long hero’s journey.  Ramayana is one of the world’s great epics. It began in India and spread among many countries throughout Asia. Its text is a major thread in the culture, religion, history, and literature of millions. Through its study, teachers come to understand how people lived and what they believed and valued. As the story became embedded into the culture of Southeast Asian countries, each created its own version reflecting the culture’s specific values and beliefs. As a result, there are literally hundreds of versions of the story of Rama throughout Asia, especially Southeast Asia.


The Suludnon, also known as the Panay-Bukidnon, Pan-ayanon, or Tumandok, are a culturally indigenous Visayan group of people who reside in the Capiz-Antique-Iloilo mountainous area of Panay in the Visayan islands of the Philippines. They are one of the two only culturally indigenous group of Visayan language-speakers in the Western Visayas, along with the, Halawodnon of Lambunao and Calinog, Iloilo and Iraynon-Bukidnon of Antique. Also, they are part of the wider Visayan ethnolinguistic group, who constitute the largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group. Although they were once culturally related to the speakers of the Kinaray-a, Aklanon, and Hiligaynon languages, all of whom inhabit the lowlands of Panay, their isolation from Spanish rule resulted in the continuation of a pre-Hispanic culture and beliefs. They speak the Iigbok language (also known as Ligbok or Sulod language), a member of the West Bisayan subdivision of the Bisayan languages within the Austronesian language family. The Panay Bukidnon are known for their Binanog dance, which mimics the flight of the Philippine eagle, accompanied by an agung ensemble. Another dance of the same name is also performed by the Bukidnon Lumad of Mindanao, suggesting a cultural connection between the people of the Western Visayas and northern Mindanao in ancient times. Apart from this, they also practice the use of bamboo musical instruments, which they use to express themselves in traditional songs, dances, and epics. They are also known for their detailed embroidery, known as panubok. The heritage of the panubok is celebrated in the Tinubkan fashion show in Iloilo City. The Sulud are also known for their traditional practices on the mysticism of the binukot and nabukot. Currently, the Sulud/Panay Bukidnon faces several challenges in their existence although the local governments of Panay have realized their importance and have begun establishing several projects that help preserve their culture


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